The highly-specialized field of diabetology involves the proper diagnosing and treating all types of diabetes. Optimal management of patients with diabetes can be quite tricky. The practice involves achieving proper blood sugar management in both non-insulin dependent diabetics and those that are insulin dependent. The diabetologist has expertise in medication management with oral antidiabetics drug therapy as well as insulin therapy administering with pens, syringes and/or pumps. The field also encompasses counseling and training on how to optimize diet and integrate exercise into a healthy regimen. Diabetics are carefully followed for possible secondary diseases peripheral arterial occlusive disease (PAD) and diabetic polyneuropathy (PNP) so that sequelae like these are well managed or avoided completely.